Epidemiology and disparities of mortality in comorbid cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis: A 25-year nationwide study in the United States

< 0.001). Women accounted for 88% of deaths, with consistently higher AAMR than men. Non-Hispanic Whites exhibited the highest mortality burden, while non-Hispanic Blacks had the lowest. Mortality increased markedly with age, particularly among those ≥85 years. Medium/small metropolitan and rural residents consistently demonstrated higher mortality rates compared with large metropolitan areas. Geographic variation persisted, with the Midwest and West showing the greatest burden. Mortality from comorbid CVD and osteoporosis has declined substantially over the past two decades in middle-aged and elderly adults, yet striking sex, racial, age, and geographic disparities persist. These findings underscore the need for integrated, tailored prevention and management strategies targeting high-risk populations.