Technological roadmap for the digital transformation of agriculture: a universal approach from the field to the country

The article is devoted to the development of a comprehensive technology roadmap (TRM) for the digital transformation of Russian agriculture, proposing a universal multi-level approach. The research subject is the process of digital transformation of the agricultural sector at the micro- (farm), meso- (region), and macro-levels (country). The aim is to create a structured and adaptable strategic planning tool that synchronizes the efforts of all stakeholders. The methodology is based on a synthesis of international experience (analysis of TRMs from the Netherlands, Germany, the USA, and China) and domestic developments, primarily the foresight methodology of the HSE Foresight Centre, emphasizing the active participation of the expert community. The scientific novelty lies in the development of an original six-stage transformation model (specification, informatization, automation/robotization, digitization, digitalization, digital ecosystem), where each stage details key technologies, managerial decisions, a system of indicators, support tools, and an assessment of required resources for all three levels. The results include a universal template for choosing a transformation path, illustrated by a case study of a specific farm, and a unified matrix visually demonstrating the interconnection of stages and levels. The main conclusion is that successful digital transformation requires not just technology adoption, but systemic, synchronized changes in management, regulation, and workforce training at all levels. The developed TRM is positioned as a practical tool for agribusiness leaders and government authorities, aimed at minimizing risks, optimizing investments, and accelerating the industry's transition to data-driven management and digital ecosystems.