Ecosystem Services–Human Well-Being Coupling in China’s Northeast Black Soil Region: A Two-Level Perspective Incorporating Internal Ecosystem Service Balance

There exists a complex and intimate interplay between ecosystem services and human well-being. This coordination not only concerns regional sustainable development but also depends on the structural balance of various service functions within ecosystems. Therefore, based on three-phase data from 2000 to 2020, this study investigates the coupling coordination relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in the Northeast Black Soil Region, along with its driving factors and influence pathways. Key ecosystem services and human well-being levels were quantified, introducing a two-level coupling coordination model: D1 (coordination between total ecosystem service provision and human well-being) and D2 (coordination between internal ecosystem service balance and human well-being). Results indicate that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the Ecosystem Service Index showed an initial rise followed by a decline. Synergistic relationships among ecosystem services strengthened, while trade-offs between cultural services (Shannon diversity index) and other services persisted. High human well-being zones were highly concentrated in provincial capitals, indicating the gradual formation of a priority development pattern. (2) The coupling coordination level of D2 was significantly weaker overall than that of D1. Compared to the overall supply level, the coordination of internal ecosystem service functions was a more critical factor constraining regional comprehensive development. (3) Landscape patterns are the primary factor governing the coupling relationship between regional ecosystem services and human well-being. Future efforts should focus on optimizing landscape configurations to enhance both human well-being and ecosystem coordination. This study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being from the perspectives of both aggregate coordination and internal balance, and also provides valuable insights for research and management measures in regions characterized by intensive agricultural development and rapid urbanization.