Dynamic safe nitrogen boundary for maintaining surface water quality in China

by 2020. Further integration of nitrogen management strategies spanning agriculture, urban waste, and human dietary patterns is needed to maintain nitrogen use within the established safe boundary by 2050, generating societal benefits of US$335 billion for ecosystems, human health, climate, and food supply, with associated implementation costs of US$106 billion. These findings demonstrate that improved nitrogen management practices can dynamically expand the safe operating space for higher nitrogen utilization to support human well-being while keeping nitrogen pollution within safe environmental limits.