Bromelain: Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential

Bromelain is a plant-derived proteolytic enzyme complex obtained primarily from the stem of Ananas comosus. Beyond its protease activity, bromelain has been reported to modulate multiple biological pathways relevant to inflammation, haemostasis, immunity, tissue repair and host–pathogen interactions. Experimental data indicate that bromelain can downregulate pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, with proposed involvement of NF-κB/MAPK-related signalling and reduced expression of inflammatory enzymes, and it has also been associated with anti-oedematous effects linked to the kinin system. Bromelain has additionally been associated with antithrombotic and fibrinolytic actions, including effects on platelet aggregation, clotting times and fibrin(ogen) processing. In cancer‑related models, bromelain has been described as influencing apoptosis, cell‑cycle progression and metastatic behaviours through several signalling pathways Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement has enabled clinical application in wound and burn management through selective eschar removal. Veterinary‑oriented studies, although fewer than those in human medicine, suggest potential applications in inflammatory conditions, digestive disorders, musculoskeletal injuries and perioperative management; however, results are not uniformly positive and study designs, doses and preparations vary widely. This review summarizes the reported biological activities of bromelain, highlights evidence relevant to veterinary practice and underscores the need for well‑designed, species‑specific clinical trials to clarify efficacy, safety, optimal dosing and product standardization.