Antimicrobial Resistance in Vector-Borne Diseases: Emerging Challenges and Integrated Global Control Strategies

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) continue to pose a significant threat to public health, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where environmental and socio-economic conditions favor vector proliferation. In recent years, the increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogens associated with vector-borne infections has complicated treatment outcomes and disease control efforts. Resistance to antimalarial agents, antibiotics used for secondary bacterial infections, and antiparasitic drugs used in diseases such as leishmaniasis has contributed to prolonged illness, treatment failure, and increased healthcare costs. This review provides a global overview of emerging resistance patterns in major vector-borne diseases, including malaria, leishmaniasis, dengue and chikungunya-associated secondary infections, and tick-borne bacterial illnesses. It examines key factors driving resistance, such as inappropriate antimicrobial use, self-medication, environmental exposure to pharmaceutical residues, climate change–induced vector expansion, and weak disease surveillance systems. The article also summarizes current knowledge on molecular resistance mechanisms, evolving epidemiological trends, and regional variations in drug efficacy. Emphasis is placed on the importance of integrated and sustainable interventions under the One Health framework, linking human, animal, and environmental health. Strengthening resistance surveillance, promoting rational antimicrobial use, advancing diagnostic tools, developing novel therapeutics, and implementing effective vector control strategies are essential to reduce the growing dual burden of vector-borne diseases and antimicrobial resistance worldwide.