Subclinical zoonoses in milk: a hidden public health challenge and the veterinarian's role

Milk is a widely consumed dietary staple, yet its safety is often compromised in unorganized dairy sectors where regulatory oversight and routine health monitoring are limited. In India, a major share of milk originates from smallholder farms and informal vendors. While this system sustains rural livelihoods, it also presents a significant public health concern due to subclinical zoonotic infections. These infections do not show obvious clinical signs in animals but can result in continuous shedding of pathogens into milk. Zoonoses such as brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, leptospirosis, and Q fever can be transmitted through raw or inadequately processed milk, leading to underdiagnosed chronic conditions in humans. This review highlights the epidemiology and risks of subclinical zoonoses in unorganized dairy systems and emphasizes the role of veterinarians in surveillance, farmer education, and preventive practices. Strengthening veterinary engagement through a One Health approach is essential to ensure safe milk production and protect public health.