Enhanced Antioxidant Activity and Immune Proteins in Donkey Milk from Dietary Selenium Supplementation Revealed by 4D-DIA Proteomics and Metabolomics

< 0.05). Metabolomic analysis revealed that Se upregulated key metabolites, including niacin and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and tyrosine metabolism pathways. Proteomic analysis identified differentially abundant proteins, including ceruloplasmin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, fatty acid binding protein 4, and interleukin 1 receptor type 1, involved in ferroptosis, NF-kappa B, and PPAR signaling pathways. Overall, Se enhances donkey milk immune and antioxidant activities by modulating its metabolite and protein composition.