Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of piroplasmosis resistance in Yunnan humped cattle

BACKGROUND: Piroplasmosis, including Theileriosis and Babesiosis, poses a threat to livestock health and productivity worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying breed-specific differences in resistance to piroplasmosis remain poorly understood. Compared to Bos taurus, Bos indicus generally exhibits greater resistance to diseases such as piroplasmosis and trypanosomiasis, as well as enhanced adaptability to hot and humid environments. Yunnan humped cattle, an indigenous B. indicus breed, are well adapted to coarse feed and harsh environments, yet the molecular basis of their disease resistance has not been systematically investigated. RESULTS: By integrating transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we demonstrated that genetic background is the primary determinant shaping distinct immune response strategies between cattle breeds. Mucosal immunity and innate immunity emerged as key contributors to differential resistance to piroplasmosis. We identified several candidate genes and protein biomarkers highly expressed in Yunnan humped cattle, including CCL4, CCL5, IL1R2, IL5RA, BOLA, BOLA-DRB3, IFNB1, and the protein HPX. These candidates are likely to be directly or indirectly involved in host resistance to piroplasmosis and may have potential utility as molecular markers. CONCLUSIONS: This study improves our understanding of disease resistance in Yunnan humped cattle. The identified candidate genes and proteins may serve as molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding, offering a theoretical basis for developing cattle populations resistant to piroplasmosis.