Organoid models: applications and research advances in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer research necessitates representative experimental models due to its profound heterogeneity. This review summarizes the establishment of human gastric organoids derived from adult and pluripotent stem cells and categorizes five representative culture models, including recently developed bioengineered platforms. We synthesize recent applications of gastric organoid systems across major research contexts in gastric cancer and discuss their extension toward more complex co-culture configurations and therapy-associated tumor evolution models. Finally, this review outlines current technical, translational, and ethical challenges to provide an integrated perspective on the future development of gastric organoid-based research.