Development and validation of matrix-validated LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of 21 neonicotinoids and their metabolites in human urine
= 0.735 vs < 0.6 for parents), with some metabolites showing higher concentrations in pregnant women than farmers despite farmers having higher overall exposure. These findings demonstrate that parent-only biomonitoring substantially underestimates internal neonicotinoid exposure and fails to capture critical exposure pathways, particularly for vulnerable populations where metabolite patterns may differ significantly from occupational exposure profiles.
Authors
- John C. Flunker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-6254)
- Donna A. Santillan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-9714)
- Mary C Rhodes
- David M. Cwiertny (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6161-731X)
- Alexis J. Faudel
- Sarah Onysio
- Mark K Santillan
- Darrin A Thompson
- Wenjing Xi
Institutions
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Iowa Health Care (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Published
- 2026-05-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-37779-9
- Primary Topic
- Insect and Pesticide Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences