Functional Nanovesicle-Embedded Hydrogel Biosensors for the Real-Time Monitoring of Queen Mandibular Pheromone in Both Aqueous and Gaseous Environments

environments, respectively. Moreover, our sensor could discriminate 9-ODA from other pheromone-related odorants in both liquid- and gas-phase environments with high selectivity. Furthermore, it could detect 9-ODA even in complicated environments, such as propolis and Apimil samples. Notably, our platform allowed us to sensitively monitor 9-ODA secreted by a live queen bee in real time. In this respect, our nanovesicle-embedded hydrogel biosensor could provide a promising platform for on-site assessment of queen presence and versatile practical applications in agricultural industries.