An Overview of the Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Aortic Disease

The aorta, a vital conduit that transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the systemic circulation, is characterized by intricate architecture and heterogeneous embryological origins. Recently, the aorta has been conceptualized as a functionally integrated "aortic organ", providing a comprehensive framework that supports the systematic evaluation, management, and long-term surveillance of aortic pathologies. Aortic disease primarily encompasses acute aortic syndromes and chronic aneurysmal disorders, which are often characterized by asymptomatic onset and rapid clinical progression, posing a significant risk of mortality in the absence of prompt diagnosis and intervention. This review provides a systematic overview of the classification, epidemiological features, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic advances in aortic diseases. Moreover, this review outlines current indications, technical considerations, and clinical outcomes associated with various treatment strategies. Finally, this review identifies key directions for future research, including standardizing diagnostic classifications, refining risk-stratification models, and advancing comprehensive endovascular therapies, with the ultimate goal of enhancing lifelong patient management and improving clinical outcomes.