Genetical analysis for wheat genotypes using a half-diallel model under different sowing conditions

under normal sowing date. The highest positive heterosis percentages over their mid-parent were obtained by crosses P1 × P6 (9.34%) and P5 × P6 (20.45%) under normal sowing date. On the other hand, positive heterosis values over their mid-parent were obtained by crosses P1 × P5 (7.73%), P4 × P6 (12.38%), and P5 × P6 (20.78%) under a late sowing date. While positive and the highest percentages of heterosis over their better parent were obtained by crosse P1 × P6 (9.34%), P2 × P4 (7.09%), and P5 × P6 (7.8%) under normal and late sowing dates for grain yield. These findings suggest that the continued use of these hybrids in successive studies is advisable until pure lines are achieved in the fifth segregating generation. This process may serve as a model for breeding programs aimed at developing new pure lines with early maturity, high productivity, and superior quality traits, as well as enhanced tolerance to variable climatic conditions, particularly under late planting scenarios.