GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE: FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential complications. Its pathogenesis involves dysfunction of the anti-reflux barrier, impaired esophageal clearance, and altered mucosal defense mechanisms. Multiple risk factors, including obesity, lifestyle habits, and anatomical abnormalities, contribute to disease progression. Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation supported by endoscopy and reflux monitoring. Management includes lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy primarily proton pump inhibitors and advanced endoscopic or surgical interventions. Recent advances emphasize phenotype-based and precision medicine approaches to improve long-term outcomes and patient-centered care.