ANEMIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND MANGEMENT

Anemia is a major global health concern affecting all age groups, especially children, women of reproductive age, and pregnant women. It is characterized by reduced hemoglobin concentration or red blood cell mass, resulting in impaired oxygen delivery. Causes include nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, infections, genetic disorders, and socioeconomic factors. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, classification, diagnostic evaluation, and management of anemia. Laboratory tools such as complete blood count, peripheral smear, and reticulocyte count are essential for diagnosis. Early detection and targeted treatment can reduce morbidity and improve quality of life.