The long isoform of ZAP coordinates multiple enzymes to mediate complete decay of target transcripts

Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP)-mediated RNA decay (ZMD) restricts the replication of viruses containing CpG dinucleotide clusters. However, why ZAP isoforms differ in antiviral activity and how they recruit cofactors to mediate RNA decay is unclear. Therefore, we determined the ordered events of the ZMD pathway. The long ZAP isoform preferentially binds viral RNA and has distinct binding motifs compared to the short isoform. The endoribonuclease KHNYN then cleaves viral RNA at positions of ZAP binding. The 5' cleavage fragment undergoes TUT4/TUT7-mediated 3' uridylation and degradation by DIS3L2. The 3' cleavage fragment is degraded by XRN1. ZAP and TRIM25 interact with KHNYN, TUT7, DIS3L2, and XRN1 in an RNase-resistant manner. Viral infection promotes the interaction between TRIM25 with these enzymes, leading to viral RNA decay while also decreasing the abundance of cellular transcripts. Overall, the long isoform of ZAP recruits key enzymes to assemble an RNA decay complex on viral RNA.