Calling in, calling out::Responding to male supremacist ideologies through informal conterspeech

As misogynist and male supremacist content is increasingly platformed within digital environments, there is a pressing need to strengthen existing interventions. Existing approaches to addressing online male supremacism often prioritise top-down knowledge from government-led security efforts - but citizen-led initiatives also represent an important avenue for building resilience, resistance, and trust. In this article, I assesses the role of informal counter-speech in support-focused manosphere subreddits, highlighting the limitations of existing approaches to counter-speech that centre fact-checking and debunking misogynist narratives; how user interactions are an important – but underexplored – element of effective counter-speech; and that policy actions to strengthen counter-speech approaches for male supremacism should include emotion/identity-based appeals, cultural fluency, and critical empathy.