BRAIN STEM CELL TUMORS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CURRENT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES, AND EMERGING STRATEGIES IN NEURO-ONCOLOGY

Brain stem cell tumors are among the most aggressive and fatal malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors arise predominantly in the brainstem region, often affecting children and young adults, with poor prognosis due to their infiltrative nature, critical anatomical location, and resistance to conventional therapies. The pathogenesis involves genetic mutations, dysregulation of signaling pathways, and aberrant neural stem cell activity, which collectively drive uncontrolled tumor growth. Current treatment modalities, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, remain largely palliative, as complete resection is frequently impossible and therapeutic resistance is common. Recent advances in stem cell biology, targeted molecular therapies, immunotherapy, nanotechnology-based drug delivery, and the exploration of natural/herbal compounds with neuroprotective potential have opened new avenues for research. This review provides an updated overview of the pathophysiology, current treatment options, and future therapeutic perspectives for brain stem cell tumors, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities in developing effective neuro-oncological interventions.