SS-RIME: A Scale-Stabilized Approach to EEG Cognitive Workload Classification

Accurate and interpretable assessment of cognitive workload from EEG remains a central challenge in neuroergonomics and real-time human–machine interaction. To address the limitations of existing Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) approaches, particularly their instability, limited neuroscientific grounding, and sensitivity to amplitude fluctuations, this paper introduces Scale-Stabilized Relative Intrinsic Mode Energy (SS-RIME), a theoretically motivated and physiologically informed feature extraction framework. SS-RIME integrates instantaneous frequency stabilization to enforce a consistent oscillatory hierarchy across subjects, delta (1–4 Hz) and theta (4–7.5 Hz) spectral weighting based on established frontal-midline activity, and cross-IMF energy normalization to reduce amplitude-driven variability. Applied to 64-channel EEG recorded during N-back tasks, the proposed framework achieved high performance, outperforming both classical machine-learning baselines and deep learning models such as EEGNet, DeepConvNet, and ShallowConvNet. SS-RIME yielded accuracies of 99.12±0.41% (0 vs. 2-back), 97.84±0.63% (0 vs. 3-back), and 92.31±1.12% (2 vs. 3-back), demonstrating strong cross-subject generalization. Theta-dominant IMFs over frontal midline regions emerged as the most discriminative components, supporting the neuroscientific validity of the stabilized and spectrally weighted Hilbert–Huang representation. With an inference time below 20 ms per epoch, SS-RIME is computationally efficient and suitable for real-time neuroergonomics applications, providing a robust, explainable, and physiologically grounded solution for EEG-based cognitive workload decoding while addressing key methodological gaps in prior EMD/CEEMDAN and deep learning approaches.