Cone-beam Computed Tomography-based Investigation of Hard Palate Morphometry in Iraqi Arab and Kurdish Populations - A Retrospective Study

Abstract Introduction: The hard palate (HP) has clinical and anthropological significance; nevertheless, there is a paucity of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-derived data for Iraqi populations. The aim of this study was to assess HP linear measurements and indices in Iraqi Arabs and Kurds while exploring gender and ethnic differences as well as the gender predictive potential. Materials and Methods: Four hundred CBCT scans (200 Arabs, 200 Kurds; equal distribution of males and females) were analysed for palatal length (PL), palatal breadth (PB), palatal height (PH), palatine index (PI) and palate height index (PHI). Independent t -tests, Chi-square testing for differences and binary logistic regression for gender prediction were selected. Results: Males from both ethnic groups had greater PL, PB and PH compared to females. Only PB exhibited a statistically significant difference across ethnic groups ( P = 0.000). Leptostaphyline PI and orthostaphyline PHI were the most prevalent forms. The accuracy of gender prediction was 81% for Arabs and 70% for Kurds, with PB being the most effective predictor, reporting exact P values when applicable. Discussion: Males had larger palatal dimensions in both populations. Both groups had leptostaphyline PI and orthostaphyline PHI preponderance. Palatal measures are clinically relevant for treatment planning and supportive in forensic and anthropological examinations; however, their use in sex estimate should be considered complementary rather than definitive.