Beyond pastoralism: challenges and strategic solutions in Iranian sheep farming

Sheep farming in Iran has a long and significant history, and the country is widely recognised as one of the centres of sheep domestication. However, the structure and practices of sheep farming have undergone substantial changes over the past two decades, the underlying drivers of which have not yet been systematically examined. Therefore, this study investigates the major challenges facing the Iranian sheep industry and proposes strategic solutions to promote its sustainable development. To address these issues, this study employed the Delphi method to collect and synthesise expert perspectives in order to identify key areas requiring intervention and improvement. The findings highlight the need to strengthen rangeland management practices, implement genetic improvement programmes to enhance livestock resilience, and provide greater educational and technical support to farmers. The proposed policy framework emphasises the establishment of cooperatives to empower farmers through collective resource management, knowledge sharing, and improved market access. In addition, it advocates for supportive policies focused on the sustainable management of pasture and forage resources and the expansion of targeted training programmes for sheep farmers. These strategies aim to enhance the resilience, productivity, and long-term viability of the Iranian sheep sector, enabling it to adapt effectively to contemporary environmental, economic, and social challenges. Moreover, the proposed framework could serve as a reference model for other regions experiencing similar livestock management constraints, underscoring the value of shared learning and collaborative approaches to sustainable agricultural development. By comprehensively addressing structural and operational challenges, this study contributes to strengthening the sustainability of the Iranian sheep industry while supporting national food security and rural livelihoods.