Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Workplace Violence Against Nurses by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence (WPV) against nurses by patients and visitors remains a significant threat to nurses' safety and well-being; however, evidence on the effectiveness of interventions remains fragmented. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce WPV against nurses by patients and visitors in healthcare settings. METHODS: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies employed quantitative or mixed-methods designs and examined interventions targeting WPV among nurses. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies were included in the review. Interventions were categorized into 5 themes: (1) training and education, (2) reporting and documentation, (3) policy and environmental, (4) technology-based, and (5) multi-component. Outcomes consistently demonstrated reductions in WPV incidents, enhanced nurses' confidence, preparedness, de-escalation skills, resilience, job satisfaction, and improved reporting rates. CONCLUSION: Integrative strategies, including skill-based training, supportive policies, strengthened environmental safety, improved reporting systems, and structured post-incident management, are effective in reducing WPV and enhancing nurses' capacity to manage violent incidents.