Eruca sativa as a nutraceutical resource rich in bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential and translational applications

Eruca sativa (arugula) is a nutrient-dense leafy vegetable with therapeutic potential. Beyond its role as a dietary staple, E. sativa is increasingly recognized as a source of diverse bioactive compounds, including carotenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, glucosinolates, terpenes, tannins, saponins, sterols, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites. These phytochemicals suggest a broad spectrum of reported biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects, along with benefits for reproductive health and vascular function. In addition, E. sativa contributes to immune support, skin health, and bone strength, while its high dietary fiber content promotes gut health, regulates digestive processes, and reduces intestinal inflammation through modulation of the gut microbiome. Collectively, the synergistic combination of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytochemicals positions E. sativa as a promising nutraceutical food capable of supporting health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Despite the growing evidence, knowledge gaps remain regarding its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and clinical validation, which currently limit its broader adoption in nutraceutical applications. This comprehensive review summarizes the phytochemical composition, mechanisms underlying its health effects, and therapeutic potential of E. sativa, while also highlighting future directions for translational research and commercialization in the nutraceutical sector.