Maximal Strength, Muscle Power, Rate of Force Development and Muscle Morphology in Ski Athletes, and Adaptations Following Resistance Training

The purpose of this narrative review was to describe the maximal strength, muscle power, rate of force development, and muscle morphology of athletes across different ski disciplines. Specifically, this review synthesizes evidence on upper- and lower-body maximal strength both dynamically and isometrically, muscle power through jumping performance and rate of force development, and muscle morphology in competitive skiers. Furthermore, it examines how these neuromuscular parameters adapt when resistance-training interventions are incorporated into athletes’ routine training programs. Following a literature search, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria, 18 describing the ski athletes’ characteristics mentioned above and 12 evaluating the effects of resistance-training interventions. Altogether, these studies involved 561 participants, with ages ranging between 14.6 ± 1.1 years and 35 years. Overall, the above characteristics of ski athletes appear to align with sport-specific demands, which vary across ski disciplines. The resistance-training protocols applied in this population are predominantly high-load resistance training and it appears that resistance training may benefit from increased emphasis in ski-specific preparation. However, training programs tailored to the specific demands of each discipline are recommended.