Impact of Household Income on Clinical Presentation and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Spinal Tumors: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background and Aims: Metastatic spinal tumors pose substantial challenges in oncology, especially in resource-constrained environments like Pakistan, where lower household income may affect clinical presentation and outcomes. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the association between household income level and clinical presentation, functional outcomes, and survival in adults with metastatic spinal tumors. Methods: -tests, chi-square/Fisher's exact tests, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: = 1.00, chi-square test). Conclusion: Lower household income was significantly associated with delayed presentation and higher comorbidity burden. Survival did not differ significantly after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and inform targeted interventions in low-resource settings.