A Relational Constraint Framework for Physics from Finite Measurement Structure

We propose a relational framework for the foundations of physics in which physical structure arises from constraints on finite, context-dependent measurement outcomes. Rather than assuming states, spacetime, or dynamics as primitives, the framework begins with measurement records organized by experimental context and identifies the conditions under which these records admit consistent refinement. A central notion of refinement consistency is introduced as a selection principle on admissible relational structures under arbitrarily fine contextual subdivision, with physical theories emerging as fixed points of this process. Within this framework, classical structure corresponds to commutative refinement regimes, while quantum structure arises from non-commuting refinement operations that obstruct global consistency. Probabilistic structure emerges from consistency requirements across incompatible refinement branches, yielding quadratic weighting without assuming Hilbert space structure. The framework thereby provides a structural perspective on classical and quantum regimes as different manifestations of constraints on relational observables, and functions as a selection principle rather than a dynamical theory. This is an author preprint and has not undergone peer review.