Liv-52 Attenuates Erlotinib-Induced Liver Injury via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Rats

Erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), is widely used in cancer therapy; however, hepatotoxicity limits its clinical use. This study investigated the protective effects of Liv-52, a polyherbal hepatoprotective formulation, against erlotinib-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and compared its efficacy with melatonin. The animals (n = 24, Wistar albino rats) were randomly categorized into four groups: healthy (HG), erlotinib (ERG), Liv-52 + erlotinib (LEG), and melatonin + erlotinib (MEG). Liv-52 (50 mg/kg/day, orally) and melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, orally) were administered once daily for two weeks. Erlotinib (10 mg/kg, orally) was given every other day to ERG, LEG, and MEG groups for two weeks. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were analyzed. Additionally, double immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate apoptotic (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase-1 [PARP-1], apoptosis-inducing factor [AIF]), inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2]), and anti-inflammatory (interleukin-10 [IL-10]) biomarkers in liver tissues. Histopathological examination was also conducted to assess structural alterations. Erlotinib significantly increased MDA, ALT, AST, and LDH while decreasing tGSH, SOD, and CAT (p < 0.001). Strong immunoreactivity for PARP-1, AIF, IL-10, and COX-2, as well as severe hydropic degeneration and necrosis, was observed in ERG (p < 0.05). Both Liv-52 and melatonin significantly ameliorated biochemical, histopathological, apoptotic, and inflammatory alterations (p < 0.05). Notably, Liv-52 demonstrated superior hepatoprotective efficacy compared to melatonin. These findings indicate that Liv-52 effectively attenuates erlotinib-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptotic pathways, thereby preserving liver function and structural integrity.