QR Code–based Digital Extension for Next-generation Agri-extension

The rapid evolution and deep penetration of digital technologies in the agricultural sector have created unprecedented opportunities for effective knowledge dissemination, particularly among small and marginal farmers who are often bypassed by traditional extension channels. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Akola implemented an innovative QR code–based digital extension initiative to provide paperless, real-time, and demand-driven access to vital agricultural information. The initiative offered access to more than 164 agriculture-related topics meticulously categorized across six thematic domains: traditional cropping systems, plant protection, horticulture, veterinary science, home science, and modern agriculture. These QR codes were strategically deployed at high-footfall locations such as agri-input dealer shops, across the KVK campus, on physical training materials, and through a master QR code distributed among trainees and programme participants. To empirically assess the effectiveness of this intervention, an ex-post facto field study involving 120 farmers exposed to the QR code–based digital extension was conducted. The demographic profile revealed that the majority of respondents were small and marginal farmers, displaying high levels of smartphone ownership and moderate to high digital literacy. The findings revealed highly encouraging awareness levels and regular, sustained utilization of QR code–based services. Information access scores indicated a high perceived usefulness of the technology, and the knowledge gain following exposure to the QR code–based information was statistically highly significant (t = 18.62, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the adoption of recommended practices ranged from moderate to high, and overall user satisfaction with the system was exceptionally strong. The computed Digital Extension Effectiveness Index (DEEI) showed that more than half of the respondents experienced a high level of extension effectiveness. Correlation analysis revealed strong, positive, and significant relationships between DEEI and independent variables such as digital literacy, information access, frequency of QR code usage, and overall user satisfaction. The study empirically demonstrated that simple, low-cost intelligent technologies such as QR codes can significantly enhance extension effectiveness, accelerate knowledge dissemination, and positively influence adoption behaviour. Ultimately, the QR code–based digital extension model has emerged as a scalable, environmentally sustainable (paperless), and highly inclusive approach for strengthening next-generation agricultural extension systems in developing nations.