Design principles of nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy: a mechanistic framework across the cancer immunity cycle

nanoparticle delivery and the corresponding engineering optimization strategies, and systematically summarizes representative advances in using nanomaterials to enhance antigen presentation, promote T cell priming and intratumoral infiltration, and remodel the tumor microenvironment. We further discuss major translational limitations, including heterogeneous tumor accumulation, intracellular trafficking bottlenecks, safety considerations, and manufacturing consistency, and finally highlight the realizable potential of nano-immunotherapy to improve both the efficacy and specificity of cancer immunotherapy.