Association of Lumbar Sagittal Curvature Profiles with Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Pilot Radiographic Study

Background/Objectives: Altered lumbar sagittal alignment is associated with degenerative and mechanical musculoskeletal disorders. However, conventional angle-based measurements, such as the Cobb angle, may not fully reflect the overall curvature pattern of the lumbar spine. This pilot study investigated whether curvature distribution profiling on sagittal lumbar radiographs is associated with clinically confirmed lumbar musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: This retrospective pilot study included 50 adults who underwent standing sagittal lumbar radiography. Patients were classified as disease-positive or disease-negative according to radiographic findings, short-term clinical follow-up, and chart review. Vertebral body centroids from T12 to S1 were manually identified to construct continuous lumbar curvature profiles. Curvature height was normalized to a standardized baseline for cross-case comparison. Distribution patterns of curvature deviation were analyzed between groups. Total curvature was also calculated as a quantitative descriptor of overall lumbar bending, and group-wise comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: The disease-negative group showed a predominantly unimodal and symmetric curvature distribution, whereas the disease-positive group showed greater dispersion at both hypo-lordotic and hyper-lordotic extremes. The hypo-lordosis subgroup demonstrated a more consistent deviation pattern, whereas the hyper-lordosis subgroup partially overlapped with the disease-negative distribution. These pattern-based findings suggest that deviation from a central curvature profile, rather than lordosis magnitude alone, may be associated with lumbar musculoskeletal disorders. In exploratory quantitative analysis, total curvature showed a distributional shift in the disease-positive group, although the overall between-group difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.096). Conclusions: Curvature distribution profiling may provide complementary morphological information in conjunction with conventional angle-based assessment. Both reduced and exaggerated lumbar curvature patterns were observed in association with lumbar musculoskeletal disorders. Larger studies are needed to validate these preliminary findings and to determine the clinical relevance of this approach.