Critical assessment on digital twins implementation for flood risk management and governance: A systematic literature review

• A framework is built for assessing the DTs’ implementation for flood management. • DTs development for flood risk management (FRM) and governance (FRG) is nascent. • Current DTs implementation in FRM is an extension of the traditional control paradigm. • There is a lack of attention on the DTs implementation for FRG. • A DTs integrated human-nature system could support policy and decision-making.