Cascaded Tilt Control‐Based Frequency Regulation of Renewable Energy Integrated Three Area Power System With Smart Transformer

ABSTRACT This study explores the use of a cascade tilt controller, referred to as TI–TID, for a three‐area thermal power system equipped with a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link, Smart Transformers (STs), and a Wind Turbine System (WTS). To attain the best performance, a recently introduced sail fish optimization (SFO) is used to adjust controller parameters. The proposed TI‐TID controller enhances dynamics over TI and TID controllers by reducing peak overshoot (PO), peak undershoot (PU) and settling time (ST). moreover, this study examines the role of WTS, ST and HVDC in system dynamic shaping, demonstrating their integration improving stability by reducing PO, PU and ST values. Further, sensitivity exhibits that the TI‐TID controller's resilience under various operating situations providing additional evidence of its efficacy.