Sustainable hybrid pigments based on natural dye encapsulation: structure–stability relationships via practical physics techniques

Purpose This study aims to explore sustainable strategies for enhancing the stability of natural dyes through their encapsulation within inorganic matrices, with particular emphasis on structure–stability relationships governing degradation and performance. It addresses the growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic colorants in pigment-based industries such as textiles, packaging and cosmetics. Design/methodology/approach The paper systematically analyzes recent developments in the encapsulation of natural dyes using inorganic carriers such as mesoporous silica, metal oxides and hybrid nanostructures. A special focus is placed on practical physics-based characterization techniques, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) and structural tools (FTIR/XRD), to assess photostability, thermal resistance and release behavior, with comparative evaluation of free versus encapsulated systems. Findings Encapsulation significantly improves the performance of natural dyes by protecting them against photodegradation, thermal decomposition and environmental leaching. Comparative studies reveal enhanced light–matter and heat–matter interaction control, leading to superior color durability and functional performance. Quantitative assessments further indicate measurable improvements in stability and reductions in ecotoxicological responses. The environmental profile of the encapsulated systems also shows reduced ecotoxicity in aqueous and soil media. Originality/value This work integrates materials science, applied physics and environmental chemistry to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on sustainable pigment design. It highlights how experimental physics techniques are critical for evaluating and optimizing dye–matrix interactions, providing a mechanism-oriented framework that links material structure to long-term stability and environmental performance, offering valuable insights for industrial and academic stakeholders seeking green pigment technologies.