Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Anti‐Obesity Agents: An Integrative Review

Genes play a pivotal role in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis during a person's obesity. LEP (Leptin) and POMC (Proopiomelanocortin) are vital for appetite suppression and promoting satiety, while AgRP (Agouti-related peptide) and NPY (Neuropeptide Y) serve to stimulate appetite, creating a balanced interplay between hunger and satiety signals. GHRL (Ghrelin) further promotes hunger, emphasizing the complexity of these regulatory mechanisms. BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) shows a dual role, impacting energy homeostasis not only in the brain but also in adipose tissue, thereby influencing lipid metabolism. PCSK1 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 1) is critical for the processing of neuropeptides that modulate energy balance. IGF2BP2 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2) and MAP2K5 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 5) contribute to metabolic processes involved in fat accumulation and glucose regulation. Thus, emphasizing the significance of these mechanisms offers valuable insights that could lead to effective interventions for obesity prevention and management.