Updated Italian norms for the Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT)

Verbal associative learning is a key component of episodic memory and is frequently impaired in the early phases of neurodegenerative brain disorders. The Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT) test directly probes this function, and its clinical usefulness critically depends on the availability of contemporary, population-specific normative data. To provide updated, regression-based normative data for the Italian PALT. Participants (N = 317) were administered the PALT, consisting of eight semantically related and unrelated word pairs presented over three learning trials. Regression-based norms were derived in accordance with the Equivalent Score (ES) method. Age and education significantly predicted PALT scores. Up-to-date demographic adjustments, tolerance limits, and ES threshold were provided. This work delivers updated, regression-based Italian norms for the PALT to be employed for the assessment of episodic memory in patients with neurodegenerative brain disorders.

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Publication Details

Journal
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
Published
2026-04-28
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-026-03388-2
Primary Topic
Student Assessment and Feedback
Type
article
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article

Updated Italian norms for the Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT)

Elisa Di Rosa, Teresa Difonzo, Edoardo Nicolò Aiello, Nadia Bolognini et al.
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
Student Assessment and Feedback
article

Updated Italian norms for the Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT)

Elisa Di Rosa, Teresa Difonzo, Edoardo Nicolò Aiello, Nadia Bolognini, Francesca Frisco, Arianna Moreschi, Paolo Caffarra, Antonio Tetto, Barbara Poletti, Aurora Corso, Giulia De Luca, Lorenzo Lorusso, Anna Formenti, Thomas Rasi, Stefano Zago, Beatrice Curti
article en

Abstract

Verbal associative learning is a key component of episodic memory and is frequently impaired in the early phases of neurodegenerative brain disorders. The Paired-Associate Learning Test (PALT) test directly probes this function, and its clinical usefulness critically depends on the availability of contemporary, population-specific normative data. To provide updated, regression-based normative data for the Italian PALT. Participants (N = 317) were administered the PALT, consisting of eight semantically related and unrelated word pairs presented over three learning trials. Regression-based norms were derived in accordance with the Equivalent Score (ES) method. Age and education significantly predicted PALT scores. Up-to-date demographic adjustments, tolerance limits, and ES threshold were provided. This work delivers updated, regression-based Italian norms for the PALT to be employed for the assessment of episodic memory in patients with neurodegenerative brain disorders.

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
University of Parma (IT), University of Padua (IT), University of Milan (IT), Ministero della Salute (IT), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT), Krankenhaus Meran (IT), IRCCS San Camillo Hospital (IT), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT), Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IT), University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
Quality Education
Openalex Percentile: Top 4%
Student Assessment and Feedback
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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