Nanomaterial-enabled point-of-care technologies for pesticide biomonitoring in human biofluids: From detection strategies to real-world deployment

This review surveys recent advances in point-of-care testing (POCT) technologies for pesticide biomonitoring in human biofluids, with emphasis on urine and blood. We focus on electrochemical and colorimetric strategies that use functional nanomaterials to improve portability, reduce operational costs, and simplify sample handling relative to centralised laboratory immunoassays and chromatography–mass spectrometry. Progress in metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based and two-dimensional materials, conductive polymers, and reticular porous frameworks is discussed alongside hybrid architectures and antifouling interfaces. A comparative analysis highlights practical trade-offs among sensitivity, selectivity, time-to-result, and operational simplicity. Despite improved analytical performance, most POCT platforms remain at the proof-of-concept stage and lack validation under physiologically representative or field conditions, underscoring the need for standardised evaluation protocols and regulatory alignment. Finally, we discuss scalable manufacturing, sustainability, data governance, and the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence as enabling routes for materials discovery, automated signal interpretation, and population-level surveillance of pesticide exposure. • Nanomaterials enable portable electrochemical and colorimetric pesticide POCTs. • Validation in urine and blood demonstrates feasibility for occupational monitoring. • Printed, scalable fabrication routes support cartridge–reader POCT architectures. • Regulatory alignment (V3, ISO, IVDR, 510(k), RDC 830/2023) supports device translation. • AI improves signal analysis, materials design, and exposure-surveillance workflows.