Electrical Integration of Photovoltaics into Buildings

This work outlines how advances in the electrical system of buildings can aid in the integration of photovoltaics (PV) and a holistic system optimization. In a time of urgently needed defossilization of new or deeply renovated buildings, they are essential to achieving (Near-)Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB). Key points are a better integration into the planning process, prefabricated elements, smart power converters, plug & play interconnection solutions and advanced, self-learning energy management systems (EMS), with direct-current (DC) networks as a forthcoming alternative to the alternating-current (AC) standard. In addition to a high degree of self-sufficiency, they also support the handling of grid constraints and advanced grid requirements, while enabling financial optimization of the design and operational aspects. Several technological developments are required to enable the implementation, and we are outlining novel approaches for key elements.