At the Water’s Edge: Photogrammetry in Extreme Shallow-Water Environments

Abstract Coastal, riverine, and lacustrine environments have played a central role in the development of human societies, yet locating and documenting this record of activity in littoral environments have proven difficult. Terrestrial survey methods reach their limit at the water’s edge, whereas marine geophysical equipment often struggles in depths of less than 1 m. This “white ribbon” of missing data represents a persistent methodological gap but one that is rich in information. Recent work on Scottish crannogs, or artificial islands, has highlighted this predicament while also providing a test bed for practical solutions. This article presents the results of that work: a robust and repeatable workflow for high-resolution shallow-water photogrammetry, tested in challenging conditions and benchmarked against the GNSS-enabled accuracy of drone surveys. The approach combines stereophotogrammetry, using artificial scale bars for internal calibration, with ground control points to enable the integration of terrestrial and underwater data. This method is both accessible and efficient, offering a replicable framework for recording archaeological sites at the water’s edge.