Child Brides in Africa: A Narrative Review on Effects, Gaps, and Interventions

Child marriage, defined as the union of a child under 18 years with an adult or another child, remains a pervasive issue globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite international efforts to eradicate this practice, approximately 15 million girls marry before 18 annually, infringing on their basic human rights and leading to severe health, educational, and social consequences. This narrative review focuses on the high prevalence and complex causes of child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Chad, and Niger, where cultural, economic, and societal factors sustain this harmful practice. Using databases such as Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, alongside grey literature, to understand the prevalence, causes, and impacts of child marriage in Africa, findings highlight that child marriage leads to significant health risks, including increased maternal and infant mortality, mental health issues, and limited educational and economic opportunities for young girls. The review also examines various interventions, including legal reforms, educational programs, economic incentives, and health initiatives, that have been implemented to address this issue. Successful case studies from Ethiopia and Nigeria illustrate the potential of targeted interventions to reduce the prevalence of child marriage and improve the lives of young girls. The study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies that address the root causes of child marriage and promote gender equality. Recommendations include strengthening legal frameworks, increasing access to education and economic opportunities for girls, and enhancing community awareness and engagement to shift cultural norms. By highlighting the multifaceted nature of child marriage and showcasing effective intervention programs, this research aims to inform policymakers, stakeholders, and communities about the critical need to eradicate this practice and safeguard the rights and well-being of young African girls.