Oral efficacy of controlled-release doxycycline against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation in salmonids

<br>Ichthyophthiriosis, caused by <i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i>, is a major threat in salmonid aquaculture. This study evaluated the efficacy of orally administered standard doxycycline and controlled-release doxycycline formulations in experimentally infected brook trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>). Fish received medicated feed for 10 days starting seven days post-infection. Controlled-release doxycycline achieved the highest survival rate (84.2%), followed by standard doxycycline (73.7%), while no control fish survived after day 25 post-infection. Both drug formulations eliminated trophontsfrom the skin and gills by 20 days post-treatment. Despite a 2.5-fold lower dietary dose, the controlled-release doxycycline achieved a tissue concentration equivalent to ~32% of that of standard doxycycline, with similar retention rates. Levels of doxycycline residues in water declined over time for both groups,indicating limited environmental release. These results demonstratethe effective mitigation of ichthyophthiriosis with orally administered doxycycline and the enhancement of antiparasitic efficacy and reduction of drug load in tissues and the environment via controlled-release technology, supporting its potential as a sustainable medicated feed strategy in salmonid aquaculture.