Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.: A comprehensive review of its pharmacological potency, ethnomedicinal applications and bioactive compounds

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., also called “Padma or Kamala” in Hindi, is a species of attractive, edible, aquatic plant, recognised for its ecological and medicinal value. The following review integrates the details of pharmacological pharmacological properties, ethnomedicinal uses and bioactivity compounds of N. nucifera, in view of the therapeutic potential. A thorough review of the literature based on different scientific databases, such as PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct, was carried out, which included the studies that were published since 2000 and up to 2025. The essential pharmacological processes were detected via a systematic review. Nelumbo nucifera has a large spectrum of bioactive components, such as tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids, which have antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Traditionally N. nucifera has been used in the treatment of digestive disorders, respiratory disorders and infertility. Modern studies endorse its effectiveness in diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Nelumbo nucifera has potential use as a useful therapeutic agent in traditional and modern medicine. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further, mechanistic research to clarify the active compounds and their synergistic interactions so that novel uses can be developed in clinical practice.