Postpartum Pain and Vaginal–Gut Microbiota Interactions: An Integrative Narrative Review with Implications for Maternal Recovery and Pain Modulation

Chenyang Ding,1,* Jing Zhou,1,* Yanfei Zhu,1 Xiaoe Xie,1 Fenglei Ye,1 Shangfeng Ying2 1Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Lishui Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shangfeng Ying, Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected] Fenglei Ye, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Lishui Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]: Postpartum pain is a common and often underrecognized complication that adversely affects maternal recovery, quality of life, and psychological well-being. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the vaginal and gut microbiota during the puerperium may play a critical role in modulating these outcomes.Objective: This integrative narrative review synthesizes available evidence on the associations between postpartum pain and the composition of the vaginal and gut microbiota, with a focus on mechanistic pathways and clinical implications for maternal recovery.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2017 and December 2025. Search terms encompassed postpartum pain, vaginal microbiota, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, and inflammation. Eligible studies included original research, clinical trials, and systematic reviews examining microbiota composition and pain-related outcomes in postpartum populations. Findings were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures.Key Findings: Following delivery, the vaginal microbiota frequently shifts from Lactobacillus-dominated communities toward more diverse, pathogen-enriched profiles, while the gut microbiota undergoes substantial remodeling. This microbial dysbiosis, compounded by impaired epithelial barrier function, is associated with increased risks of puerperal infection and enhanced local and systemic inflammation. Such inflammation may sensitize peripheral nociceptors and amplify pain signaling through immune–neural interactions. Furthermore, microbiota-driven inflammation appears to influence central pain processing via the gut–brain axis, including glial activation, which may contribute to pain persistence beyond the acute postpartum period. Key obstetric factors, including mode of delivery, episiotomy, antibiotic exposure, and breastfeeding practices, modulate both microbiota composition and postpartum pain outcomes.Conclusion: Maternal vaginal and gut microbiota represent modifiable contributors to postpartum pain. Microbiota-informed strategies, such as probiotic supplementation or dietary interventions, may serve as adjunctive approaches to pain management. Well-designed longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to establish causality and guide clinical translation.Keywords: postpartum pain, vaginal microbiota, gut microbiota, puerperal infection, microbiota–immune interactions, obstetric interventions