Evaluating park-and-ride infrastructure for urban mobility and wellbeing in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Park-and-ride systems are increasingly recognized as strategic components of urban mobility, particularly in rapidly growing cities such as Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This study evaluated the demand, functionality, and operational performance of park-and-ride facilities along the Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) Phase 1 corridor to inform strategies for enhancing integrated transport and wellbeing. Data were collected through structured interviews with parking operators, government officials, and facility users, complemented by field observations. Results were summarized regarding usage patterns, while providing insights into operational constraints and user experiences. Findings indicate that weekday demand exceeds available capacity, with lots occupied as early as 6:30 a.m., whereas weekend usage is lower. Approximately 56% of users utilized parking facilities without connecting to BRT services. Factors such as security, affordability, and proximity to terminals influenced satisfaction, while inadequate infrastructure, including unpaved surfaces, limited amenities, and misuse of space, constrained effectiveness. Delays and overcrowding on the BRT further limited the attractiveness of modal shift. The study highlights the potential of adaptive management approaches, including flexible fee structures, space monitoring, and targeted infrastructure improvements, to enhance park-and-ride efficiency, promote sustainable mobility, and support healthier urban environments in rapidly urbanizing contexts.