A perspective on economic barriers and disparities in access to hormone replacement therapy in LMICs (MARIE-WP2b)

Women globally spend a significant portion of their lives experiencing perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms, which can severely affect their quality of life. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) has proven effective in alleviating symptoms such as hot flushes, sleep disturbances, and mood disorders. However, disparities in access to HRT exist, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where socioeconomic factors and healthcare availability may limit treatment access. We aimed to explore economic barriers and disparities to access to HRT across Brazil, Ghana, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria and Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted using publicly available data from national healthcare databases, pharmacies, and hospital formularies from Brazil, Ghana, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. The availability and cost of common HRT medicines, including oral and transdermal therapies, were analysed alongside of surgical procedures. Affordability was assessed by comparing the cost of a two-month HRT supply to the number of days of minimum wage work required to cover the cost. Additionally, Gross National income per capita was also collected to contextualise these findings. The availability of HRT medicines varied widely across six countries, with Brazil and Nigeria offering a broader range of options compared to Ghana and Nepal. Pricing disparities were significant, with the cost of medicines such as the Mirena Coil requiring over 21 days of minimum wage work in Brazil and more than 260 days in Nigeria for Angeliq. Affordability remained a critical issue across LMICs, with high out-of-pocket costs restricting access to essential menopausal treatments. This study reveals substantial economic barriers to accessing HRT in LMICs, driven by high costs and limited availability. Healthcare policy reforms to improve access and affordability of HRT in these regions are urgently needed. These findings can inform strategies to reduce healthcare inequalities and enhance women's health outcomes globally.

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Publication Details

Journal
Scientific Reports
Published
2026-04-26
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49559-z
Primary Topic
Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

A perspective on economic barriers and disparities in access to hormone replacement therapy in LMICs (MARIE-WP2b)

Lucky Saraswat, Nirmala Rathnayake, Bernard Mbwele, Carol A. Atkinson et al.
Scientific Reports
Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
article

A perspective on economic barriers and disparities in access to hormone replacement therapy in LMICs (MARIE-WP2b)

Lucky Saraswat, Nirmala Rathnayake, Bernard Mbwele, Carol A. Atkinson, Jeremy van Vlymen, Helen Felicity Kemp, Ganesh Dangal, Teck‐Hock Toh, Gabriela Pravatta Rezende, Rabia Kareem, Heitor Cavalini, Sohier Elneil, Saval Khanal, Yassine Bouchareb, Sharron Hinchliff, Kathleen Riach, Divinefavour Echezona Malachy, Daniela Angerame Yela, Cristina Laguna Benetti‐Pinto, Lanka Dasanayake, Renan Massao Nakamura, Tharanga Mudalige, Suman Pant, Snehal Ghosh, Ashish Shetty, Fred Tweneboah-Koduah, Nana Afful-Mintah, Om Kurmi, Peter Phiri, George Uchenna Eleje, Paula Briggs, Gayathri Delanerolle, Julie Taylor, Jude Siong Yip-King, Muhammad Irfan, Jian Qing Shi, Kristina Potocnik, Vindya Pathiraja
article en

Abstract

Women globally spend a significant portion of their lives experiencing perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms, which can severely affect their quality of life. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) has proven effective in alleviating symptoms such as hot flushes, sleep disturbances, and mood disorders. However, disparities in access to HRT exist, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where socioeconomic factors and healthcare availability may limit treatment access. We aimed to explore economic barriers and disparities to access to HRT across Brazil, Ghana, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria and Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted using publicly available data from national healthcare databases, pharmacies, and hospital formularies from Brazil, Ghana, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. The availability and cost of common HRT medicines, including oral and transdermal therapies, were analysed alongside of surgical procedures. Affordability was assessed by comparing the cost of a two-month HRT supply to the number of days of minimum wage work required to cover the cost. Additionally, Gross National income per capita was also collected to contextualise these findings. The availability of HRT medicines varied widely across six countries, with Brazil and Nigeria offering a broader range of options compared to Ghana and Nepal. Pricing disparities were significant, with the cost of medicines such as the Mirena Coil requiring over 21 days of minimum wage work in Brazil and more than 260 days in Nigeria for Angeliq. Affordability remained a critical issue across LMICs, with high out-of-pocket costs restricting access to essential menopausal treatments. This study reveals substantial economic barriers to accessing HRT in LMICs, driven by high costs and limited availability. Healthcare policy reforms to improve access and affordability of HRT in these regions are urgently needed. These findings can inform strategies to reduce healthcare inequalities and enhance women's health outcomes globally.

Scientific Reports
Manchester Metropolitan University (GB), University of Ruhuna (LK), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB), University of Liverpool (GB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR), University of Dar es Salaam (TZ), King's College London (GB), Riphah International University (PK), University of Aberdeen (GB), Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NG), Sibu Hospital (MY), Isle of Wight NHS Trust (GB), Milton Keynes Hospital (GB), Southern University of Science and Technology (CN), Ghana Education Service (GH), Together (US), Cleveland Clinic London (GB), Glass Technology Services (GB), Liverpool Womens NHS Foundation Trust (GB), University of Southampton (GB), University College London (GB), Sultan Qaboos University (OM), Coventry University (GB), Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital (NP), University of Birmingham (GB), University of Sheffield (GB), McMaster University (CA), University of Edinburgh (GB)
National Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Health and Social Care
Openalex Percentile: Top 12%
Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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