Ecofriendly approaches for marine biofouling control by using Staphylococcus aureus extract

Context Marine biofouling remains a major challenge for maritime industries, traditionally controlled by paints containing toxic compounds that harm non-target organisms and the environment. The search for sustainable, biodegradable alternatives has led to the exploration of bacterial metabolites with antifouling potential. Aims Determine antifouling activity of Staphylococcus aureus extracts against different organisms involved in the biofouling process and assess the potential toxic effects associated with exposure to these developed paints by evaluating their effect on a respiratory human bronchial epithelial cell line, which represents one of the main routes of exposure to paints, inhalation. Methods Extracts from Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated for their ability to inhibit adhesion and settlement of key biofouling organisms, including bacteria, microalgae and barnacles (Amphibalanus amphitrite). Cytotoxicity was assessed using the human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE to ensure safety. Key results Both extracts demonstrated inhibitory effects on microbial adhesion and barnacle settlement without cytotoxicity. Notably, the dichloromethane extracts inhibited phenoloxidase activity, an enzyme involved in mollusc settlement. Conclusions These findings highlighted S. aureus extracts as promising candidates for environmentally friendly antifouling strategies. Implications These findings suggest a path toward coatings that protect marine ecosystems, reduce economic losses and support global sustainability goals.