Innovative biomaterial solutions for enhancing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy

Cancer remains a significant global health issue, exacerbated by population growth and aging. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment by leveraging the immune system to eliminate tumors. However, challenges such as inadequate immune activation, poor targeting, and side effects persist. Recent advancements in biomaterials, including liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, and hydrogels, offer innovative solutions to these limitations. These engineered materials enhance the delivery and efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents, improve pharmacokinetics, enable controlled release, facilitate immune cell interactions, and reduce off-target toxicity. This review discusses the synergy between biomaterials and tumor immunotherapy, exploring current technologies, mechanisms, and future directions for personalized cancer treatments. Ongoing research in this interdisciplinary domain aims to develop next-generation immunotherapies with improved precision and therapeutic outcomes.