Review of Organophosphorus Herbicide: Distribution of Residues, Toxicity Effects, Mechanisms, and Developing Trends Studies

Organophosphorus herbicides play an important role in agricultural development and are widely used worldwide. Glyphosate, glufosinate, DMPA, amiprophos-methyl, butamifos, piperophos, and other organophosphorus herbicides are overused worldwide. Organophosphorus herbicides are detected in different environmental media and play a toxic role in causing ecological health risks, causing serious concern among people. This review discusses the concentration levels of organophosphorus herbicides in water, soil, plants, and other environmental media and finds that the content of organophosphorus herbicides in soil is high, the concentration range is 12-129 μg/g, and finally summarizes the concentration levels of organophosphorus herbicides in organisms and human beings and finds that the concentration of organophosphorus herbicides in pesticide industry workers is relatively high. From the point of view of detection methods, the traditional methods and advanced technologies of herbicide detection are discussed in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are pointed out. Finally, the ecological health risks, toxic effects, and molecular mechanisms of organophosphorus herbicides are discussed. Epidemiological investigations in China, Africa, and America showed that organophosphorus herbicides were prone to induce neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and metabolic toxicity. These findings provide a theoretical basis for environmental management and ecological health risk assessment of organophosphorus herbicides.