Biomimetic nanovesicles and nanotechnology for oral and maxillofacial diseases

Oral and maxillofacial diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and tissue defects, demonstrate limited therapeutic effect due to the oral cavity's complex microecological environment, intractable chronic inflammation, and the challenge of regenerating dental and periodontal tissues. Biomimetic nanovesicles (BNVs), including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and artificial nanovesicles (ANVs), play a beneficial therapeutic role in these diseases. BNVs are capable of delivering a variety of therapeutic agents, including RNAs, proteins, drugs, and nanoparticles, with their efficiency, specificity, and safety enhanced by nanotechnological modification and engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of BNV classification and characterization, summarizes their functional advantages in disease treatment, and highlights their applications in oral and maxillofacial disorders, particularly in microbiome modulation, immunoinflammatory regulation, and tissue regeneration. The opportunities and challenges of translating BNVs into clinical practice are also assessed.