Justifying the Score or Informing the Stakeholder? Transparency Challenges in Large-Scale Language Testing

Language testing is both an evaluative practice and a commercial enterprise shaped by market forces. Within this context, test developers have a responsibility to ensure transparency with test users, particularly when scores inform high-stakes decisions. This Viewpoint contrasts transparency in communicating the truth about language tests with the persuasiveness of argument-based validity, noting that persuasiveness, although central to such arguments, is not equivalent to transparency. Two measures are proposed to strengthen transparency. First, test developers should publish test-form-specific validity reports detailing content, psychometric properties, and interpretation guidelines for each form. Second, they should clearly explain a test’s limitations to the public, especially when scores are used in high-stakes settings, such as immigration or university admission, without adequate validation. The latter measure draws on regulatory norms in the pharmaceutical industry, where transparency can protect consumers from potential misuse. Specific steps are outlined to support these measures. Overall, these proposals aim to shift the emphasis from justification and persuasion toward transparency and align language testing practices more closely with open science principles.